Saving the World; One Person At A Time[sm] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Make Every Day Christmas; Every Night Christmas Eve!
WHAT DOES THE AVERAGE AMERICAN BELIEVE? [BLUE OR RED] ARE WE HOPELESSLY POLARIZED? THE ANSWER: ABSOLUTELY NOT!!! THE QUESTION IS? HOMOGENEITY OR HETEROGENEITY? i.e. America has become Homogeneous. THE POLITICAL ELITISTS CLASSES ARE POLARIZED. THEY POLITICALLY POLARIZE VOTERS. OTHERWISE, AMERICANS POSSESS ALMOST THE SAME BELIEF SYSTEM. Moderate. To be continued... [SOURCES: SEE: Repeated studies of scholars at conservative HOOVER INSTITUTION And especially the works of Professor Thomas Dye, Florida State University (conservative to moderate political scientist who accurately reflects the mainstream - conclusions of scholarship majority.
THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
"We, The People [Not - Corporations or The Few] ...
of The United States of America...
PREAMBLE
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE:
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. >>>>>>> We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are creat-ed equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. >>>>>>> That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted amongMen, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. >>>>>>> That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abol- ish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happi ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long es-tablished should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed ....
Headline
THE
CONSTITUTIONAL FREEDOMS - CIVIL LIBERTIES
and necessary
NEW CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
PAGE
DEDICATED TO: PRESERVATION OF:
OUR ''INALIENABLE''
FREEDOMS-LIBERTIES CONSTITUTIONALLY EXTANT
AND THOSE
YET TO BE FORMALLY RECOGNIZED
BY
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT
The Bill of Rights.
AMENDMENT I: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
The Ten Original Amendments: The Bill of Rights. Passed by Congress September 25, 1789. Ratified December 15, 1791. AMENDMENT I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT III No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. AMENDMENT IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. AMENDMENT VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. AMENDMENT VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. AMENDMENT VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. AMENDMENT X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. BACK
JAMES MADISON'S 9TH: AMENDMENT IX: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
"Our Liberty and America depend upon the integrity and health of our underlying economy. Where capital is invested, is discovered the true face and intent of a corporation or politician." The Economist, The Law Professor, et al
"The Price of Freedom Is ETERNAL VIGILANCE!" The Patriot
" Vigilance From Those Who Would Secretly Steal Liberty; Even In The Name Of National Security! "The Veteran"
"Any Man Who Gives Up His Liberty For Security, Is A Fool Who Deserves Neither!" Benjamin Franklin
When It Comes To LIBERTY; Get It In Writing, In The Constitution...... THE LAW PROFESSOR
10:38 AM 12/8/03 OUR CONCURRENT CONCERNS: Our growing membership is uneasy regarding whether America is ensnared in a spiral into irretrievable corruption. Confronting such societal problems we created the inconceivable: an organization aggregating liberal POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT with RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY intertwined with BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS. Yes. Violating the unwritten commandment, "You shall remain an ethical schizoid! Never shall Thou intellectually commingle and communicate religion, politics and business!" Why have we done this? The Orwellian prophecies of 1984 are presently history. A merica confronts TWIN BIG BROTHERS --- Big Brother Corporation and Big Brother Government. Ill-fated Siamese twins coupled at the cerebellum. Meaning, this may possibly be the inauguration of: the demise of constitutional republican-democracy, civil liberties, The Declaration's national ethos, the Rule of Reason, Law and Due Process. So, what are citizens to do? Non-violently confront the unreported issues of the day other media refuses to report fearing ratings losses. Our membership intends to fill this intellectual vacuum with its feebly written, however, improving essays and articles.
PROBABILITY OF NULLIFICATION OF CITIZENSHIP AND LIBERTIES: Our membership decided to permanently include ONSTITUTIONAL FREEDOMS-LIBERTIES PAGE. The reason? Since 911 there has been federal statutes enacted such as the PATRIOT ACT I and recommended PATRIOT ACTS II, HOMELAND SECURITY LEGISLATION, PRESIDENTIAL ORDERS, FBI AND CIA MODIFICATIONS OF RULES OF ENGAGEMENT et al,. These can adversely affect and if abused subvert the U.S. Constitution and our Bill of Right ---Freedom and Liberties. More precisely, if most statutory invasions of civil liberties were imposed prior to constitutional review the the U. S. Supreme Court, there is an overwhelming compelling probability the democratic citizen rigs could be nullified.
THE NEW 21ST C. CONSTITUTIONALISTS: Conservatives and liberals confederation to protect the constitution, our Freedoms and the rule of law from desecration by recent anti-republican-democratic legislation.
MADISON'S 9TH AMENDMENT: ADDED AT SUBSEQUENT TIME
COPY OF PREAMBLE TO CONSTITUTION: ADDED AT SUBSEQUENT TIME
COPY OF THE "BILL OF RIGHTS AS AMENDED" ADDED AT
SUBSEQUENT TIME WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE AN AMERICAN?
THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEFINITION: ADDED AT SUBSEQUENT TIME NUMBER OF POPULATION WHO HAVE READ THE U.S. CONSTITUTION HOW MANY AMERICANS HAVE READ THE CONSTITUTION, BILL OF RIGHTS AND THE DECLARATION??? ONLY 13%On-going research. If the number is low, then most Americans do not understand what is means to be an American STATE CONSTITUTIONS: CITIZEN'S ADDITIONAL FREEDOMS AND RIGHTS /15/2002 9:54:51 AM | StephenJames]
Headline
TIA -total information awareness- NON-PUBLICIZED NATIONAL CIVIL LIBERTIES CRISIS? GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT OF A COMPUTERIZED POLICE STATE? HERALDING DEMISE OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY?
What is Tia? WHAT IS TIA? ''TOTAL INFORMATION AWARENESS'' TIA is the defense department program to establish as massive computer data bank on each American. It would monitor every business and personal activities of every citizen and non-citizen. The Defense Department will keep tack and record just about everything. All 280 million of us will now be considered suspects of potential terrorism. Persons of interest who deserve to be spied on just in case. Everyone is considered guilty until they demonstrate innocence. How??? By conformist conduct. George Orwells 1984 is upon us; and, generally, the"Media scared to death to investigate and thoroughly cover the issue. There exists a growing climate of fear, paranoia, alarmism developing in the USA. All based on secrecy. The time will soon arrive when, the thought police will knock on your door, demanding proof you are a patriotic citizen. Under TIA, we will can now be surreptitiously "surveiled and stealthily observed not only from satellites and omnipresent street corner cameras; but, if you are out of your home shopping, police can enter your dwelling without a warrant and search and seize whatever they desire without informing you.
The public is unaware the Big Brother mega-corporations, known for corruption and unethical conduct, for many years, have been gradually gathering computerized information on almost everything you do. This private and business information is recorded in vast computer DATA BANKS. Incredibly, there is corporate surveillance on just about everything you do: every use of credit card , banking transactions, ALL TELEPHONE CALLS ETC. That is, anything where there is a purchase or sales record involved relating to your name. And yes, it is all legal. Because the Bill of Rights do not apply to or protect us from private corporate big brother. That is, unless we change the Constitution by a Privacy and other Amendments.
Formerly, the federal government could always gain access to this corporate information. However, they were required to obtain a warrant or a subpoena from a judge. Such is no longer the case under the new BUSH LAWS. Under TIA, now the government does not need a subpoena; or to use the rule of law. Our right to the police having"probable cause is virtually dead. Under"probable cause our Founding Fathers said police had to have"some specific reason to believe a crime was or would be committed. Now, the standard is MERE SUSPICION OF ANOTHER. Heck, my Aunt Nellie thinks everyone not a conservative republican is a suspicious criminal type. Worse yet under TIA, the Defense Department will be create a larger unified MASSIVE data bask from all other DATA BANKS. Then, every day the government will add to your computer file new personal and business activities. All under the name of National Security. Protecting us from ourselves???
Who is in charge of TIA? None other than ADMIRAL POINDEXTER of Iran-Contra fame. Yes the man is employed at the defense department. To be fair, Poindexter believe it or not, is a good and loyal man, who dutifully fell on his sword to save his president. But as a good conservative he should be opposing TIA not creating it.
Is this Exaggeration??? No. Not only have we ripped up and cast away the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, The Declaration -- but THE RULE OF LAW. All the things that made us GOOD as a society. All the freedoms we said we believe and promised to bring to the rest of the world. No more. THAT GAVE US THE HIGH MORAL GROUND. Something to believe in. However, now, with passage of the Unpatriotic Patriot Act and sections of the Homeland Security Bill; theoretically, the government, without court or congressional permission or oversight, could simple declare a national emergency; and, place a soldier on every street corner. Without a time limit.
Sounds like the Gestapo and 1930s Germany to me. Remember, the Germans gave up their democracy without so much as a whimper. Each afraid to go against the group ---the Nazi created public opinion - propaganda. Our Press and Politicians now fear being called "UN-AMERICAN, UN-PATRIOTIC, EVEN COMMIES AND PINKOS" by right wing McCarthyite talk show hosts. Soon we will be told, "Excuse me Mr. and Mrs. America but we government police have to appropriate your liberties in order to guard them from being infringed. And, if you have nothing to hide, you will gladly give up you bill of rights ---your freedom.
This is the overreaction? Is it exaggeration??? No, it is understatement. That is why conservatives such as Former congressmen Bob Barr and Dick Armey are joining the ACLU TO PROTECT what is left of our constitutional rights. Why? Because they well-know the Siamese twins BIG BROTHERS --- Big Brother Mega-Corporation and BIG BROTHER GOVERNMENT ARE joined at the head, and are about to steal our freedom.
I know, it sounds, conspiratorial"nut-ism and paranoid, but incredible and sadly it is the honest truth. Think!!! When did you ever hear American citizens could be indefinitely detained without charges brought, not being brought before a judge, not granted lawyers, with their trials to be held in secret by military tribunals --- not juries ---We The People! Not to mention the convicted detainee can bee secretly executed. Think!!! When was the time when the SUPREME COURT ---"The Gang of Five ---SELECTED THE PRESIDENT AND Threw OUT THE PEOPLES VOTES???
Or, when did you hear you were asked under the TIPS program to watch and inform on your neighbor --- on his brother and sister Americans. Then there are the constant unsubstantiated paranoid alerts and alarms unsupported by any facts or any reason. When did the government want to form an Office of Disinformation -------Lies.
Bluntly, if these government actions are not terminated, then the RULE OF LAW and DUE PROCESS OF LAW will be no more. That is, America will cease to exist!!! NRAS WAYNE LAPIERRE IS RIGHT! -TIME FOR CONSERVATIVES AND LIBERALS TO UNITE- THE DEMARCATION LINE OF CIVIL LIBERTIES We must non-violently stand and fight as our Founding Fathers would to preserve our freedoms and human rights. We must all, conservatives and liberals, unite, and draw the civil liberties line in the political and business soil, and warn any government or corporate official, court or politician who violates it, they will pay the political price at either the polls or by boycott at the retail outlet.
Ultra-conservative NRAs Wayne LaPierre (who I fiercely disagree with on hand gun regulation) spoke words of wisdom, which can be the rallying cry for this freedom movement. I am quoting him as best I remember; in effect, You will be able to tell the real future patriots not by what party the belong to or what ideology they believe, but by whether or not they will stand up for the Constitution and Bill or Rights. Hey, Wayne you can count on me no matter what.
Ask the HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS, whether there exists a good POSSIBILITY the US can become a totalitarian state - the American Empire. Time to stop the Big Brothers before they get any bigger. Before it is too late
PS By the way, TIA in Spanish translates into "Auntie as in Auntie-American ----the Aunt of the TWIN BIG BROTHERS TRUTH IS: HE KNOWS WHERE ALL THE TERRORISTS ARE HIDING IN USA ETC.HOW TO TERMINATE"TIA - PROTECT OUR FREEDOMS? READ ARTICLES HEREIN:
RANDOM THOUGHTS AND REFLECTIONS:
WITHOUT LIBERTY, THERE IS NO HOPE!
CONGRESSIONAL OATH OF OFFICE: CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL WAR DECLARATION: Violating one's Oath of Office is criminal perjury??? Essay in progress..............
VERY GOOD QUESTION: WHEN DID WE BECOME SUCH AN UNFORGIVING PEOPLE? Essay in progress.........Robert Torricelli was mistaken about a majority of things; apart from this, ?When did we become such and unforgiving nation???????????????
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: >>>>>>> What position would Jesus hold? Many Liberals don?t believe in capital punishment. Each possesses his or her own reasoning. But, my reason is simple: The Master was the innocent victim of capital punishment on the Cross. Besides, He abolished it, ?You have heard it said, ?Its an Eye for and Eye, and a tooth for a Tooth? but I tell you this (law of revenge) is no longer the law. Rather, if your neighbor slaps you on the cheek, turn him the other cheek.? ?Peter, I tell you he who lives by violence in this life, shall perish by violence in this life or the next.? (Note: Moses took this law of revenge from the Code of Hammurabi which was man?s law not God?s law.)
THE ELDERLY: >>>>>>> Retirement, Medicare and Social Security >>>>>>> THOSE WHO CARED FOR US, WE MUST CARE FOR. THE ELDERLY: >>>>>>> that is what the Judeo-Christian Ethic means---?Honor Thy Father and Thy Mother.? To financially support the elderly. How can we stop Bush from playing Russian Roulette with Social Security. All my conservative friends hate SS, but ,of course ,they are wealthy, and have theirs socked away for a luxurious retirement. >>>>>>> THE ELDERLY: Retirement and Social Security . Retirement and Social Security that is what the Judeo-Christian Ethic means---?Honor Thy Father and Thy Mother.? To financially support the elderly. How can we stop Bush from playing Russian Roulette with Social Security. All my conservative friends hate SS, but ,of course ,they are wealthy, and have theirs socked away for a luxurious retirement.
James Madison, the father of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, was very apprehensive our freedoms not be restricted simply to those enumerated in the Bill of Rights. So, Madison added the ninth amendment."The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage other (rights) retained by the people. The founding fathers were announcing human rights which all possess, inalienable rights, which are their birthright, not narrowly restricted rights.
Consequently, what are we to conclude regarding this relentless ever-escalating predicament? Is the political opportunity of ensuring privacy lost? Or, can something be endeavor, which may revitalize some or all of our privacy civil liberties. After countless years of study, I have concluded, we have no other alternative than to undertake the following. Enactment of an U.S. constitutional amendment expressly guaranteeing in writing our right to privacy and reputation. The authorship of this amendment must be founded upon Supreme Court case interpretations to date. In my judgment, the amendment should read as follows:"All persons possess the rights to privacy and reputation which cannot be violated by any government or private entity. It is imperative the amendment be written precisely this manner of the following reasons. No. 1."All persons is necessary because this is a human right, relevant not only to American citizens, but every human being. No. 2. Why the insertion of the term"reputation? Because when the right to privacy is desecrated, a negative state of affairs transpiresthe disparagement of the individuals character. . In other words, if one loses their privacy, negativities about them are created, which caused the loss of the reputation. If an individual loses reputation one is transformed into a pariahsocially isolateddiscriminated against by major corporations, banks, credit card companies etc. Perhaps even without their knowledge. Hence, privacy and reputation are inextricably coupled. Furthermore, it is essential for subsequent judicial elucidation, construction and review. No. 3. And why should the words"violated by any government or private entity be incorporated. To simplify the multifaceted legal theory identified as"state agency. Presently, other constitutional amendments permit the private sector to discriminate against fundamental civil liberties. For instance, you can be discharged from employment, for exercising your free speech rights. Because the First Amendment encompasses only the governments infringements upon free speech. Employers and private industry have no such restrictions. The advent of the concentration of more and more wealth and power in the hands of fewer and fewer multinational corporations, it is imperative we incorporate the terms"by private entities. This would signify businesses, corporations, professional groups etc., the special interests, could not breach the individuals privacy. Without potentially suffering a legal penalty or sanction.
But will passage resolve the privacy predicament? No. What it would achieve is: the federal governments mandate to enact legislation to protect everyones privacy and reputation. This would oblige a transformation in the Supreme Courts judgments regarding privacy. It would authorize us, we the people, with the legal ability to fight back; to reclaim, as much as feasible, our vanishing privacy. All citizens would be entitled to instigate litigation to protect; reassert and recapture lost civil liberties. Yes, there exists a great deal on unnecessary litigation in countless areas. Nonetheless, in this sphere, is one in which citizens have need of a right to litigate. Without this power to litigate, we are left to erratic and capricious whims of unelected Supreme Court justices.
The reality is, we have run out of time to retrieve our privacy rights. Immediate engagement is essential. It is up to us to act; not to tediously wait the time-consuming uncertain consequences of judicial review. For as our African-American citizens have learned, no one will bestow freedom, you have to fearlessly nonviolently demand it. Nevertheless, can such an unconstitutional amendment be passed? What is its probability? In the contemporary state of the average citizens indifference regarding things political. The odds of passage are not good. The politicians will be relentlessly lobbied by the commercial special interests, which will vehemently oppose passage. The disconcerting actuality is the special interests govern the government. They supply the money, which elects the politicians. Creating:"Government of the people, by the lobbyists, for wealthy special interests. (The author)
Nevertheless, since 911, there has been a revitalization of the individuals desire for participation in government. As a result, if a sufficient number of citizens join together, and are resolute, over the long haul, to raise money and organize the passage, then, by holding the politicians feet to the fire, it will be passed. The question is: do the American people possess the will power anymore. Or, had they become so self-absorbed, self-indulgent to be incapable of public service? The question is of national character. Who are we, who have we become? Do we still believe in America democracy and its Republic? Do we love America sufficiently to join together to work unceasingly for passage? Or, are we merely flag-waving sunshine patriots who will wither over the long haul. I do not know the answer
On the other hand, after 30 years of travel throughout this country, I do know the American people. I believe, with the proper leadership, information and education, the American public will rise up to ensure the passage. As for our founding fathers. They are resolved change the world for our benefit. They risked everything. Are we willing to do the same? The answer resides in you. Benjamin Franklin Quote "Any man who desires Security at the expense of Liberty, is a fool who will receive neither."
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: In Congress, July 4, 1776,
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are creat- ed equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- erned.
That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abol- ish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happi- ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long es- tablished should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invar- iably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and neces- sary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, in- capable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of For- eigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and super- ior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercen- aries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the execu- tioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- deavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Re- dress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
JOHN HANCOCK, President
Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary
New Hampshire JOSIAH BARTLETT WILLIAM WHIPPLE MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts-Bay SAMUEL ADAMS JOHN ADAMS ROBERT TREAT PAINE ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island STEPHEN HOPKINS WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut ROGER SHERMAN SAMUEL HUNTINGTON WILLIAM WILLIAMS OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia BUTTON GWINNETT LYMAN HALL GEO. WALTON
Maryland SAMUEL CHASE WILLIAM PACA THOMAS STONE CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
Virginia GEORGE WYTHE RICHARD HENRY LEE THOMAS JEFFERSON BENJAMIN HARRISON THOMAS NELSON, JR. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE CARTER BRAXTON.
New York WILLIAM FLOYD PHILIP LIVINGSTON FRANCIS LEWIS LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania ROBERT MORRIS BENJAMIN RUSH BENJAMIN FRANKLIN JOHN MORTON GEORGE CLYMER JAMES SMITH GEORGE TAYLOR JAMES WILSON GEORGE ROSS
Delaware CAESAR RODNEY GEORGE READ THOMAS M'KEAN
North Carolina WILLIAM HOOPER JOSEPH HEWES JOHN PENN
South Carolina EDWARD RUTLEDGE THOMAS HEYWARD, JR. THOMAS LYNCH, JR. ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey RICHARD STOCKTON JOHN WITHERSPOON FRANCIS HOPKINS JOHN HART ABRAHAM CLARK